why was henry vii called the winter king

: (April 25, 1883. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. 3.5 Stars. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. [22] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. But, his enemies didnt agree. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. ||sitemap_index.xml Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. Get help and learn more about the design. Penn went on to show Henry VIIs wax funeral effigy, which I saw on my recent trip to London, and which shows his fine-boned features and his crooked eye, but also a face bearing the signs of stress and illness. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. Penn is not one to understate a case. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. [2] His father died three months before his birth. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. 4. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. [46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. Before taking the throne, he was known as Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond. No. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 1517. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Files Welcome Pack of 5 goodies, 28 January 1457 Birth of Henry VII at Pembroke Castle, 30 October 1485 Coronation of Henry VII, Henry VIIIs Enforcer: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell A Review and Rundown, Henry VII: Winter King A Review and Rundown, 31 May 1533 The Coronation Procession of Queen Anne Boleyn, Why I think Henry VIII was ultimately responsible for Anne Boleyns downfall, 4 March 1522 Anne Boleyn plays Perseverance, The Boleyns of Hever Castle now 99p on Kindle on Amazon UK, YouTube Live 4 March 2023 The Fascinating Background of Henry VIII. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Two themes of his book preside: the permanent vulnerability of Henry's regime, and his ruthless methods of rule. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Yet Henry's techniques of power went beyond the needs of surveillance and survival. But he leaves us wondering how Henry got away with it. So 4 stars. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henrys sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his wife in 1503. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! One interesting thing about him is his early youth and the fourteen years he spent in exile in France Brittany to be precise and those, I believe, made him the man he was eventually to become. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle , Wales, on January 28 th, 1457. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. All the information is from Thomas Penn. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [29] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. The usual courts and justice system were totally circumvented, and there was no chance of appeal other than purchasing extremely high priced royal pardons. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. Detailed Information. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. (We certainly can, and do, decide what sort of king Henry was based on what he had his government get up to, however.). MP3 CD. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Watch with Prime His spies and informers were everywhere. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. (1): (April 24, 1883. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. After obtaining the dispensation, Henry had second thoughts about the marriage of his son and Catherine. He created the Tudor dynasty. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. For him, it was never about glory and battle. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. 1845. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). An ally of Henry's, Viscount Jean du Qulennec[fr], soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". For many he remained a usurper, a false king. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Penn then moved on to how Henry became King. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry.

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