In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. b. higher rates of known health risks Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. Tajfel, H. (1970). d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. Empty cart. All states have workers' compensation laws. d. Perhaps the single most significant race-based explanation of Black-white inequality is the restriction or segregation of Blacks in physical space known as the ghetto. Just as we categorize objects into different types, so we categorize people according to their social group memberships. If Franklin treats an individual differently than he normally would because of characteristics the individual shares with a certain group, then Franklin is __________. Which of the following statements are accurate? 1 point? QUICKBOOKSADVANCE EXAM SECTION 1. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. Just as White people used fewer piles of traits to describe Blacks than Whites, young people used fewer piles of traits to describe elderly people than they did young people, and students used fewer piles for members of other universities than they did for members of their own university. communal-agentic distinction comprising stereotypes of adults. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ________. d. from 2008 to today, Of the choices listed, which is a commonwealth of the United States? Women who prefer to use the title Ms. are often perceived as: c. There is no such thing as racial microaggressions. 0 Wishlist. d. scapegoating. The participants evidently categorized the speakers by their gender, leading them to make more within-gender than across-gender confusions. Which of the following would be an example of a situational attribution? The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. 1 The task difficulty was increased. d. The majority of teen magazines for girls focus on self and career development more than on which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle." The research participants were not very good at this task, and yet when they made mistakes, these errors were very systematic. b. benevolent; hostile Marissa is interviewing a woman who has come in for help with her bills and job-readiness training. c. Ireland; rural Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. disablement Define superordinate goals and explain how they help in increasing cooperation when there is conflict among individuals. d. Roe v. Wade, In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that _______ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. stereotyping? B. I can't believe that I missed it!" d. Jennifer Lee, Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? b. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(1), 1216. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. c. Irish Americans c. "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease." a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. d. projecting. d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only. Therefore, new challenges for public . Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? a. ageism a. the history of racial segregation d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered. 4 "She did a good job because she's talented. a. Latina women d. poor diet. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________. Our stereotypes and prejudices are learned through many different processes. Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from social facilitation c. Categorization makes our lives more efficient by guiding our decision-making. a. prejudice. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. b. Joe Feagin b. as comic or eccentric figures Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. C. categorization She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. a. non-Hispanic whites d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? d. Mexican Americans. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(4), 357378. b. a. multiculturalism. 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. Whites acknowledge they have privilege. b. Ms. Jane Sullivan Related Documents. a. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). c. Black women; Asian American women c. Japanese Americans b. Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics. \hline \boldsymbol{y}_i & 3 & 7 & 5 & 11 & 14 Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism. 3 His remark is based on a stereotype. a. Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L., & Ruderman, A. J. The results of Crandall's studies on bulimia in sororities are consistent with which of the following statements? Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds. a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. c. racialization. D. engaging in prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, Touch, Taste, and Smell: The Other Senses, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 2, Psychology Unit: Sociocultural Domain Part 1, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. c. benevolent sexism. 1-3 Although some particular anxiety disorders may show relatively weak associations with depressive disorders, clinical 4 and epidemiological 5,6 studies find that anxiety and depressive disorders rarely occur in pure forms. Of course, using social categories will only be informative to the extent that the stereotypes held by the individual about that category are accurate. Prejudice: Its social psychology. f(x)=x28x+20f(x)=\sqrt{x^2-8x+20} b. white women False, Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? b. from the middle 1960s to 1986 25 percent Perhaps this example will help you see the flexibility of social categorization. Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________. Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as. b. institutional racism. Imagine for a moment that two college students, John and Sarah, are talking at a table in the student union at your college or university. C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. White women Use the purchases journal from the previous exercise. One prejudices can be influenced by one's emotional state. Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A.-B. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." Stangor, C. (1995). For one, we learn our stereotypes in part through our communications with parents and peers (Aboud & Doyle, 1996) and from the behaviors we see portrayed in the media (Brown, 1995). c. segregation. Steele and Aronson argued that thinking about negative stereotypes that are relevant to a task that one is performing creates stereotype threatperformance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. a. According to the text, gender stereotypes: Research on gender stereotypes shows that college students and faculty view: Studies show that college students and faculty view the ideal woman as having: According to available research, which of the following ethnic groups engages in less gender. Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes is not correct? x+31=2(x32)6x. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. EPCA also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') to. When Reggie and his team play against one of the schools from a less affluent area, Reggie makes fun of the other team's uniforms. d. "Pioneers moved West, taking their wives and children. opacity oral histories presenter CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Eastern European Americans The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. Anxiety and depressive disorders are related through comorbidity and shared risk factors. a. Once our stereotypes and prejudices become established, they are difficult to change and may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true. c. antimiscegenation 20 According to this approach, thinking about other people in terms of their social category memberships is a functional way of dealing with the worldthings are complicated, and we reduce complexity by relying on our stereotypes. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. The point at which variable costs equal fixed costs. A. Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. b. discriminating. In some cases, we categorize because doing so provides us with information about the characteristics of people who belong to certain social groups (Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995). This example illustrates that, A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as. Yzerbyt, V., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994). For instance, the stereotypes (which are held by many people) that women are nurturing and that men are dominant may occur in part because, on average, men and women find themselves in different social roles within a culture (Eagly & Steffen, 1984). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? A. De facto segregation, or segregation "in fact," was completely eliminated. A. acting with prejudice When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. Do you hold implicit prejudices? This finding is most consistent with: What term would be used to characterize her argument? b. c. social role theory. The Stanford prison experiment led researchers to conclude which of the following? To get around this problem, social psychologists make use of a number of techniques that help them measure these beliefs more subtly and indirectly. Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. d. b and c, A recent study of 600 teenage girls of varied socioeconomic and ethnic background reported: b. essentialism. Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. A. Survey 2 is either a 15-statement integrity survey adapted from Becker and Ulstad's (2007) 20-statement survey or a 14-statement driving skill survey adapted from Clapp et al. d. El Salvadorians, During World War II, _______ were made to report to "relocation centers," which were effectively concentration camps. a. Because men are more likely to be leaders than are women, they may well be, on average, more dominant; and because women are more likely to take care of children, they may, on average, act in a more nurturing way than do men. He developed a plan for how the group could most effectively share responsibilities. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 )? Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. What is important is to reduce the self-concern that is engaged when we consider the relevant negative stereotypes. Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. b. often get angry, making a mountain out of a molehill. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from d. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school. Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). a. Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color. Only physicians can perform exit evaluations and conduct psychological interviews. According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . b. Martin Luther King Jr. a. one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic $23,550 provided by operating activities, c.$15,550 provided by operating activities, d. $42,400 provided by operating activities, e.$20,850 provided by operating activities. Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? The Integrity survey includes statements . And which groups we use in social categorization can change over time and in different situations. b. modern sexism and benevolent sexism. Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey? (Eds.). b. hostile sexism. c. discrimination. b. Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. Once we begin to see the members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they actually are, it then becomes very easy to apply our stereotypes to the members of the groups without having to consider whether the characteristic is actually true of the particular individual. c. hostile; modern Sarah feels that her positions are correct, and she believes they are true not only for her but for women in general. thinks his mother would be unable to deal with the situation and he wants to shield her from pain. Jane Collins, a woman married to Mark Sullivan, wants her potential employer to view her as This multiplicity of causes is unfortunate because it makes stereotypes and prejudices even more likely to form and harder to change. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the source of an action as something ________. Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L. J., & McCauley, C. R. (1995). c. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with new immigrants to the United States who came from Central America. d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. On the way home, Reggie and his other teammates blame the loss solely on the player who missed the last minute shot. c. parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments. by pressing either the Yes button or the No button using either their left hand or their right hand. Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. b. b. serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. b. b. Melting pot b. A) The more complex the category, the more susceptible it is to illusion of the expert. c. overrepresentation of female characters with both family and paid work responsibilities This shows that Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? b. parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. B. His categorization revolves around the premises discussed in the deductions as well as the conditions required for arguments to prove them correct. activities. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 2136. Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. Brown, R. (1995). a. genocide. Although Gkn has been shown to predict important life outcomes, only a few standardized tests measuring Gkn exist, especially for the adult population. 17. We tend to see people who belong to the same social group as more similar than they actually are, and we tend to judge people from different social groups as more different than they actually are. Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. a. Northwestern Europe. The statements were controlled so that across all the research participants, the statements made by the men and the women were of equal length and quality. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1996). d. Whites may often benefit from it without even realizing it. b. discriminating. Which ethical theory, if any, would agree with the following statement: There are some actions that are inherently wrong because they violate a moral rule, no matter what the consequences are.. Furthermore, aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the . c. White women under age 35 This is an example of People who sit farther away are assumed to be more prejudiced toward the members of the group. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. Which of the following forms of prejudice was not portrayed in the above scenario? b. emigration. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? Stereotyping and prejudice begin from social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. b. had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization. 1 He made a situational attribution. b. The stereotypes are pictures in our heads of the social groups (Lippman, 1922). Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. (1978). a. more favorably than older men which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. Donald Trump is the least racist president ever. a. imply women are weak. Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype. xiyi132735411514. A company uses the indirect method to determine its cash flows from operating activities. c. wicked involvement Brian's 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. In college textbooks approximately one-half of the references to women are specifically Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. b. B. Healthy-minded individuals can be coerced into demonstrating unlikely behaviors. I. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207218. Chapter 2: Social Learning and Social Cognition, Chapter 5: Attitudes, Behavior, and Persuasion, Chapter 11: Working Groups: Performance and Decision Making, Chapter 12: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination, Chapter 13: Competition and Cooperation in Our Social Worlds, Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students, Next: 12.2 Ingroup Favoritism and Prejudice, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 808817. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. Although the meaning of the IAT has been debated (Tetlock & Mitchell, 2008), research using implicit measures does suggest thatwhether we know it or not, and even though we may try to control them when we canour stereotypes and prejudices are easily activated when we see members of different social categories (Barden, Maddux, Petty, & Brewer, 2004). d. a and b, A study of popular films found that older women , compared to older men, were portrayed as The representation also includes one image (or exemplar) of a particular college professor whom the student knows. This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. What does she write concerning Alex? a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. Social identity, self-categorization, and the perceived homogeneity of ingroups and outgroups: The interaction between social motivation and cognition. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. A. Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century. a. d. Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan, Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name. d. the cultural inferiority of blacks, In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Outgroup homogeneity occurs in part because we dont have as much contact with outgroup members as we do with ingroup members, and the quality of interaction with outgroup members is often more superficial. Content and application inaccuracy in social stereotyping. a. modern; benevolent c. "The average student does his homework every night." ), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 4 Social categorization is a relatively new phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 735754. Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). False. b. benevolent sexism. c. Latin Americans Furthermore, attempting to prevent our stereotype from coloring our reactions to others takes effort. See the answer. Nosek, B. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. Scientists today dispute the theory that races have significant genetic differences. ceremonies In the IAT, participants are asked to classify stimuli that they view on a computer screen into one of two categories by pressing one of two computer keys, one with their left hand and one with their right hand. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. 3 You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. And when we are distracted or under time pressure, these tendencies become even more powerful (Stangor & Duan, 1991). (2004). The Congressional Research Service estimates that at least $45\$ 45$45 million of counterfeit U.S. $100\$ 100$100 notes produced by the North Korean government are in circulation. d. benevolent sexism, Both hostile and benevolent sexism: Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race? On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371383. 2 See answers Advertisement c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. During the next vote, Belinda changes her vote from guilty to not guilty. d. all of the above. c. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male sexuality.
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